What are the cheapest airlines to fly from Australia to Saint-Tropez one-way?

The cheapest airline one-way is Etihad Airways, with whom users have recently found tickets for as low as $883. However, be on the lookout for offers from Qatar Airways and Turkish Airlines, as they are both options that can get you from Australia to Saint-Tropez for a low price. Find deals

In terms of precipitation, rainfall in Saint-Tropez ranges from 12.0 - 133.0 inches per month. October is typically the wettest month, when rainfall can reach 133.0 mm. July is typically the driest time to visit Saint-Tropez when rainfall is around 12.0 mm. Find deals

If weather is an important factor for your trip to Saint-Tropez, use this chart to help with planning. For those seeking warmer temperatures, July is the ideal time of year to visit, when temperatures reach an average of 24.0 C. Travellers hoping to avoid the cold should look outside of January, when temperatures are typically at their lowest (around 9.0 C). Find deals

What are the most popular routes from Australia to Saint-Tropez?

The most popular route from Australia to Saint-Tropez is Sydney Kingsford Smith - Nice Côte d'Azur. You may also consider Melbourne - Nice Côte d'Azur or Brisbane - Nice Côte d'Azur. Find deals

What are the most popular airlines that fly from Australia to Saint-Tropez?

When booking a flight from Australia to Saint-Tropez, you may want to consider flying on Air France, British Airways or China Eastern as they are the most popular for this route.

How far in advance should I book a flight from Australia to Saint-Tropez?

To save on the cost of your flight from Australia to Saint-Tropez, book at least 49 days before your planned departure. Booking around this time can save you about 36% on the cost of this flight compared to booking a flight leaving this week. We have found prices from $2,189 if you need a flight within two weeks. For flights within the next 72 hours, you can find tickets from as low as $2,529.

What is the cheapest month to fly from Australia to Saint-Tropez?

Flights from Australia to Saint-Tropez lean towards being more expensive in December. Prices are generally better when you fly from Australia to Saint-Tropez in April, with the cheapest ticket starting at $1,335.

Can I find deals for flights from Australia to Saint-Tropez that include hotel bookings?

Yes. In addition to deals on Australia to Saint-Tropez flights, Cheapflights offers holiday packages that include both flights and hotel.

How can I find direct flights from Australia to Saint-Tropez?

After entering your origin and destination, apply the non-stop filter on the search result page to find direct flights from Australia to Saint-Tropez.

Can I find deals for business class flights from Australia to Saint-Tropez?

Yes. Cheapflights offers flight deals from Australia to Saint-Tropez by cabin class. In addition to browsing deals, you can also filter by cabin class on the search results page after making a search.

$758+ Flights from Australia to Saint-Tropez

Cheap flight deals from Australia to Saint-Tropez

Round-trip from	$1,770
One-way from	$758
Popular in	December
Cheapest in	April
Average price	$2,432

1/9-18/9
5 total stops
60h 10m total
Australia to Saint-Tropez

Search Deals

8/10
2 total stops
26h 05m total
Australia to Saint-Tropez

Search Deals

Highest demand for flights based on searches. 9% potential increase in price ($343 potential increase over avg. return price).

Search Deals

Cheapest flight prices on average. 2% potential price decrease ($96 potential savings vs. average return price).

Search Deals

Average for round-trip flights in July 2025

Search Deals

Find flight deals from Australia to Saint-Tropez

Cheapest flights from Australia to Saint-Tropez
Explore the most affordable flight options available from Australia to Saint-Tropez. Find the lowest fares from popular airlines and budget airlines, with prices last updated on 10 July 2025.

Mon 1/918:25PER - NCE

2 stops26h 00mMultiple Airlines

Thu 18/912:20NCE - PER

3 stops34h 10mMultiple Airlines

Deal found 8/7$1,770

Sun 24/815:40PER - NCE

1 stop28h 30mQatar Airways

Sun 31/815:55NCE - PER

1 stop37h 15mQatar Airways

Deal found 10/7$1,771

Thu 16/1013:05MEL - NCE

2 stops29h 10mMultiple Airlines

Thu 6/1111:00NCE - MEL

2 stops24h 00mMultiple Airlines

Deal found 8/7$1,820

Sun 10/813:30MEL - NCE

2 stops41h 55mLufthansa

Sun 31/806:00NCE - MEL

2 stops45h 00mLufthansa

Deal found 8/7$1,933

Sat 23/810:10BNE - NCE

2 stops43h 00mMultiple Airlines

Sat 30/808:55NCE - BNE

2 stops39h 20mMultiple Airlines

Deal found 9/7$1,939

Tue 19/805:00MEL - NCE

1 stop34h 25mEtihad Airways

Wed 3/911:05NCE - MEL

1 stop32h 05mEtihad Airways

Deal found 8/7$1,985

Mon 1/922:45PER - NCE

1 stop21h 25mIberia

Thu 18/917:20NCE - PER

2 stops43h 20mIberia

Deal found 8/7$2,045

Tue 29/715:10BNE - NCE

1 stop31h 00mQatar Airways

Tue 2/1215:00NCE - BNE

1 stop22h 35mQatar Airways

Deal found 8/7$2,074

Sun 27/715:10BNE - NCE

1 stop31h 00mVirgin Australia

Tue 12/815:55NCE - BNE

1 stop22h 50mVirgin Australia

Deal found 9/7$2,128

Wed 6/817:30MEL - NCE

2 stops28h 40mQatar Airways

Thu 21/815:55NCE - MEL

1 stop23h 15mQatar Airways

Deal found 8/7$2,146

Thu 9/1000:30MEL - NCE

2 stops41h 45mTurkish Airlines

Tue 21/1010:40NCE - MEL

2 stops24h 45mTurkish Airlines

Deal found 8/7$2,152

Mon 4/802:10PER - NCE

2 stops46h 15mTurkish Airlines

Tue 30/919:25NCE - PER

2 stops23h 45mTurkish Airlines

Deal found 7/7$2,154

Best flights from Australia to Saint-Tropez
Discover carefully curated flight deals from Australia to Saint-Tropez that have cost, travel time, and stopovers in mind to ensure you get the best travel experience. Data last updated 10 July 2025.

Mon 1/918:25PER - NCE

2 stops26h 00mMultiple Airlines

Thu 18/912:20NCE - PER

3 stops34h 10mMultiple Airlines

Deal found 8/7$1,770

Sun 24/815:40PER - NCE

1 stop28h 30mQatar Airways

Sun 31/815:55NCE - PER

1 stop37h 15mQatar Airways

Deal found 10/7$1,771

Sun 3/813:30MEL - NCE

2 stops31h 00mLufthansa

Sun 24/819:00NCE - MEL

2 stops28h 25mLufthansa

Deal found 7/7$1,923

Tue 19/805:00MEL - NCE

1 stop34h 25mEtihad Airways

Wed 3/911:05NCE - MEL

1 stop32h 05mEtihad Airways

Deal found 8/7$1,985

Mon 1/922:45PER - NCE

1 stop21h 25mIberia

Thu 18/917:20NCE - PER

2 stops43h 20mIberia

Deal found 8/7$2,045

Sun 3/815:15MEL - NCE

1 stop30h 55mVirgin Australia

Sun 24/815:55NCE - MEL

1 stop23h 15mVirgin Australia

Deal found 7/7$2,117

Mon 4/802:10PER - NCE

2 stops46h 15mTurkish Airlines

Tue 30/919:25NCE - PER

2 stops23h 45mTurkish Airlines

Deal found 7/7$2,154

Sun 27/711:00BNE - NCE

2 stops43h 25mChina Eastern

Tue 12/818:20NCE - BNE

2 stops54h 40mChina Eastern

Deal found 9/7$2,249

Mon 1/912:45SYD - NCE

2 stops38h 10mFinnair

Tue 16/919:40NCE - SYD

2 stops27h 05mFinnair

Deal found 10/7$2,250

Tue 2/918:10BNE - NCE

2 stops46h 15mSWISS

Tue 16/919:05NCE - BNE

2 stops37h 40mSWISS

Deal found 8/7$2,252

Thu 24/712:25PER - NCE

2 stops31h 05mQantas Airways

Mon 28/715:50NCE - PER

1 stop19h 45mQantas Airways

Deal found 8/7$2,264

Tue 2/910:30BNE - NCE

2 stops53h 30mUnited Airlines

Tue 16/910:05NCE - BNE

2 stops60h 25mUnited Airlines

Deal found 8/7$2,264

Last-minute flights from Australia to Saint-Tropez
Discover last-minute flight deals from Australia to Saint-Tropez. Data last updated 10 July 2025 and is based on user searches.

Tue 15/722:10BNE - NCE

1 stop24h 00mVirgin Australia

Tue 22/715:55NCE - BNE

1 stop41h 35mVirgin Australia

Deal found 10/7$2,483

Tue 15/722:10BNE - NCE

2 stops29h 45mQatar Airways

Tue 22/715:55NCE - BNE

1 stop22h 50mQatar Airways

Deal found 10/7$2,504

Tue 15/709:15BNE - NCE

3 stops41h 15mMultiple Airlines

Tue 22/715:50NCE - BNE

1 stop22h 30mMultiple Airlines

Deal found 10/7$2,840

Sat 19/715:15MEL - NCE

1 stop30h 55mIberia

Tue 22/715:55NCE - MEL

1 stop40h 55mIberia

Deal found 9/7$2,821

Sat 19/705:15MEL - NCE

1 stop40h 15mQantas Airways

Sun 20/715:50NCE - MEL

1 stop29h 40mQantas Airways

Deal found 9/7$3,294

Sat 19/710:10MEL - NCE

2 stops36h 00mQatar Airways

Tue 22/715:55NCE - MEL

2 stops34h 25mQatar Airways

Deal found 9/7$3,404

Sat 19/710:20MEL - NCE

2 stops33h 10mBritish Airways

Mon 21/711:55NCE - MEL

3 stops37h 10mBritish Airways

Deal found 9/7$3,958

Sun 20/705:15MEL - NCE

1 stop40h 15mEmirates

Mon 21/715:50NCE - MEL

1 stop40h 50mEmirates

Deal found 9/7$3,251

Sun 20/715:55MEL - NCE

2 stops27h 30mKLM

Mon 21/717:10NCE - MEL

3 stops29h 55mKLM

Deal found 9/7$3,985

Thu 24/722:45PER - NCE

1 stop21h 25mIberia

Mon 28/715:55NCE - PER

1 stop20h 45mIberia

Deal found 8/7$2,093

Sun 27/715:10BNE - NCE

1 stop31h 00mVirgin Australia

Tue 12/815:55NCE - BNE

1 stop22h 50mVirgin Australia

Deal found 9/7$2,128

Tue 29/715:10BNE - NCE

1 stop31h 00mQatar Airways

Tue 2/1215:00NCE - BNE

1 stop22h 35mQatar Airways

Deal found 8/7$2,074

One-way flights from Australia to Saint-Tropez
Search for one-way flight options from Australia to Saint-Tropez. Find affordable one-way fares based on user searches. Data last updated 10 July 2025.

Wed 8/1018:25PER - NCE

2 stops26h 05mMultiple Airlines

Deal found 9/7$758

Mon 15/913:00MEL - NCE

3 stops32h 10mMultiple Airlines

Deal found 9/7$814

Thu 17/721:30SYD - NCE

1 stop41h 55mEtihad Airways

Deal found 8/7$883

Fri 8/819:40SYD - NCE

2 stops49h 30mMultiple Airlines

Deal found 9/7$888

Mon 15/906:25ADL - NCE

3 stops39h 30mMultiple Airlines

Deal found 9/7$905

Mon 15/907:35BNE - NCE

3 stops38h 50mMultiple Airlines

Deal found 9/7$908

Thu 17/707:00CNS - NCE

3 stops56h 25mMultiple Airlines

Deal found 8/7$920

Wed 8/1022:45PER - NCE

1 stop21h 25mQatar Airways

Deal found 8/7$944

Tue 15/705:00MEL - NCE

1 stop34h 25mEtihad Airways

Deal found 8/7$986

Fri 7/1121:45SYD - NCE

2 stops46h 15mTurkish Airlines

Deal found 9/7$1,044

Wed 16/720:45SYD - NCE

1 stop25h 25mQatar Airways

Deal found 8/7$1,050

Tue 7/1000:10PER - NCE

2 stops39h 00mCathay Pacific

Deal found 7/7$1,058

Cheapflights Fare Finder

Use the filters below to find and compare flights from Australia to Saint-Tropez that are best for you.

Fly from

Fly to

Route

Depart

Return

Price

PerthNice

PER - NCE

PERNCE

Perth

Mon 1/9

18:25-14:25

2 stops26h 00m

Nice Côte d'Azur

Thu 18/9

12:20-04:30

3 stops34h 10m

$1,770

PerthNice

PER - NCE

PERNCE

Perth

Sun 24/8

15:40-14:10

1 stop28h 30m

Nice Côte d'Azur

Sun 31/8

15:55-11:10

1 stop37h 15m

$1,771

MelbourneNice

MEL - NCE

MELNCE

Melbourne

Thu 16/10

13:05-09:15

2 stops29h 10m

Nice Côte d'Azur

Thu 6/11

11:00-21:00

2 stops24h 00m

$1,820

MelbourneNice

MEL - NCE

MELNCE

Melbourne

Sun 3/8

13:30-12:30

2 stops31h 00m

Nice Côte d'Azur

Sun 24/8

19:00-07:25

2 stops28h 25m

$1,923

BrisbaneNice

BNE - NCE

BNENCE

Brisbane

Sat 23/8

10:10-21:10

2 stops43h 00m

Nice Côte d'Azur

Sat 30/8

08:55-08:15

2 stops39h 20m

$1,939

MelbourneNice

MEL - NCE

MELNCE

Melbourne

Wed 23/7

15:15-14:10

1 stop30h 55m

Nice Côte d'Azur

Thu 14/8

15:55-16:50

1 stop40h 55m

$1,949

MelbourneNice

MEL - NCE

MELNCE

Melbourne

Tue 19/8

05:00-07:25

1 stop34h 25m

Nice Côte d'Azur

Wed 3/9

11:05-03:10

1 stop32h 05m

$1,985

PerthNice

PER - NCE

PERNCE

Perth

Mon 1/9

22:45-14:10

1 stop21h 25m

Nice Côte d'Azur

Thu 18/9

17:20-18:40

2 stops43h 20m

$2,045

BrisbaneNice

BNE - NCE

BNENCE

Brisbane

Tue 29/7

15:10-14:10

1 stop31h 00m

Nice Côte d'Azur

Tue 2/12

15:00-22:35

1 stop22h 35m

$2,074

MelbourneNice

MEL - NCE

MELNCE

Melbourne

Sun 3/8

15:15-14:10

1 stop30h 55m

Nice Côte d'Azur

Sun 24/8

15:55-23:10

1 stop23h 15m

$2,117

Flights are sorted by cheapest return flights first.

Deals found on 9/7

Showing 1-10 of 56 results

...

Best time to book a flight from Australia to Saint-Tropez

Have a flexible travel schedule? Discover the best time to fly to Saint-Tropez from Australia with our price prediction graph.

Estimated return price

Rates are based on past data. Find the cheapest month and day to book your flight based on your travel requirements, then search for cheap deals.

Cheapflights Insights

Everything you need to know about your flight from Australia to Saint-Tropez

What is the cheapest time of day to fly from AU to TR3?

When flying from Australia to Saint-Tropez, the time of day you decide to fly out makes little to no difference towards the overall price you’ll pay on tickets.

Reviews of airlines servicing Saint-Tropez

Read through reviews of airlines operating flights from Australia to Saint-Tropez, such as Emirates, Singapore Airlines, andKLM. Reviews also offer insight into each airline's entertainment options, comfort, food, crew/service, and boarding process.

Emirates

8.1

Very Good

3,288 reviews

Check prices

Reviews

1 / 20

10.0

Excellent

Anonymous,June 2025

ATH - EWR

Best flight I taken. Airline stewards were very attentive and creative a very comfortable environment. Food was plentiful, gave a variety for each meal and delicious.

Emirates

8.1

Very Good

3,288 reviews

Emirates

8.1

Very Good

3,288 reviews

Check prices

Reviews

1 / 20

10.0

Excellent

Anonymous,June 2025

ATH - EWR

Best flight I taken. Airline stewards were very attentive and creative a very comfortable environment. Food was plentiful, gave a variety for each meal and delicious.

Singapore Airlines

8.1

Very Good

1,324 reviews

Emirates

8.1

Very Good

3,288 reviews

Check prices

Reviews

1 / 20

10.0

Excellent

Anonymous,June 2025

ATH - EWR

Best flight I taken. Airline stewards were very attentive and creative a very comfortable environment. Food was plentiful, gave a variety for each meal and delicious.

KLM

7.8

Good

1,370 reviews

Emirates

8.1

Very Good

3,288 reviews

Check prices

Reviews

1 / 20

10.0

Excellent

Anonymous,June 2025

ATH - EWR

Best flight I taken. Airline stewards were very attentive and creative a very comfortable environment. Food was plentiful, gave a variety for each meal and delicious.

Cathay Pacific

7.6

Good

929 reviews

Emirates

8.1

Very Good

3,288 reviews

Check prices

Reviews

1 / 20

10.0

Excellent

Anonymous,June 2025

ATH - EWR

Best flight I taken. Airline stewards were very attentive and creative a very comfortable environment. Food was plentiful, gave a variety for each meal and delicious.

Finnair

7.6

Good

1,312 reviews

Emirates

8.1

Very Good

3,288 reviews

Check prices

Reviews

1 / 20

10.0

Excellent

Anonymous,June 2025

ATH - EWR

Best flight I taken. Airline stewards were very attentive and creative a very comfortable environment. Food was plentiful, gave a variety for each meal and delicious.

Related info for your journey

What are the cheapest airlines to fly from Australia to Saint-Tropez one-way?
The cheapest airline one-way is Etihad Airways, with whom users have recently found tickets for as low as $883. However, be on the lookout for offers from Qatar Airways and Turkish Airlines, as they are both options that can get you from Australia to Saint-Tropez for a low price.
What are the most popular routes from Australia to Saint-Tropez?
The most popular route from Australia to Saint-Tropez is Sydney Kingsford Smith - Nice Côte d'Azur. You may also consider Melbourne - Nice Côte d'Azur or Brisbane - Nice Côte d'Azur.
Can I find deals for flights from Australia to Saint-Tropez that include hotel bookings?
Yes. In addition to deals on Australia to Saint-Tropez flights, Cheapflights offers holiday packages that include both flights and hotel.
How can I find direct flights from Australia to Saint-Tropez?
After entering your origin and destination, apply the non-stop filter on the search result page to find direct flights from Australia to Saint-Tropez.
Can I find deals for business class flights from Australia to Saint-Tropez?
Yes. Cheapflights offers flight deals from Australia to Saint-Tropez by cabin class. In addition to browsing deals, you can also filter by cabin class on the search results page after making a search.

See more FAQs

Browse thousands of different options on Cheapflights for your next trip

Alternative routes for Australia to Saint-Tropez

Top 10 airlines flying from Australia to Saint-Tropez

Airline	Cheapest	Average	Flexibility	On-time
China Eastern	Cheapest$1,139	Average$2,248	FlexibilityNo cancel fee	On-time62%	Search China Eastern flights
Turkish Airlines	Cheapest$1,318	Average$1,713	FlexibilityNo cancel fee	On-time77%	Search Turkish Airlines flights
Japan Airlines	Cheapest$1,410	Average$1,702	FlexibilityNo cancel fee	On-time79%	Search Japan Airlines flights
Iberia	Cheapest$1,468	Average$2,003	FlexibilityNo cancel fee	On-time77%	Search Iberia flights
Emirates	Cheapest$1,552	Average$2,632	FlexibilityNo cancel fee	On-time75%	Search Emirates flights
British Airways	Cheapest$1,658	Average$3,730	FlexibilityNo cancel fee	On-time70%	Search British Airways flights
Qatar Airways	Cheapest$1,693	Average$2,067	FlexibilityNo cancel fee	On-time68%	Search Qatar Airways flights
Etihad Airways	Cheapest$1,773	Average$2,581	FlexibilityNo cancel fee	On-time75%	Search Etihad Airways flights
Qantas Airways	Cheapest$2,030	Average$2,710	FlexibilityNo cancel fee	On-time74%	Search Qantas Airways flights
Air France	Cheapest$2,196	Average$2,745	FlexibilityNo cancel fee	On-time77%	Search Air France flights

Fly with Cheapflights

How does Cheapflights help users find flights from Australia to Saint-Tropez?

Cheapflights goes through 900+ travel sites to look for the best flight deals for flights from Australia to Saint-Tropez. Too many options? Cheapflights also provides filters for things like airlines, price ranges, and number of stops to help you make a decision easily.

Why should you use Cheapflights to find cheap flight tickets from Australia to Saint-Tropez?

Cheapflights helps you find that perfect flight to Saint-Tropez from Australia by searching from hundreds of airlines and agencies you know and love. We are also free to use, in case you were wondering!

Can Cheapflights find flights from Australia to Saint-Tropez with no change fees?

Need flexible booking options for your flight to Saint-Tropez from Australia? Don’t worry, Cheapflights have you covered. Use our search filter to only show flights with no change fees.

Can Cheapflights notify me if prices for flights from Australia to Saint-Tropez become cheaper?

Yes, and it’s super simple to set up. Click the bell icon next to the flight deals above and provide a valid email address to enable Price Alerts. That’s it!

100% Free

Cheapflights is completely free to use, so you can start saving the moment you arrive.

Book with Flexibility

Our users can plan ahead with confidence and find flights with no change fees

Travel Smart

Millions of people come to us for their flight needs every year. We help make travel planning easy by providing useful insights and data-driven graphs that can inform your decisions.

Cheap flights from Australia to Saint-Tropez from $758

This is the cheapest one-way flight price found by a Cheapflights user in the last 72 hours by searching for a flight departing on 8/10. Fares are subject to change and may not be available on all flights or dates of travel.

Cheap flight deals from Australia to Saint-Tropez

Keep the following information in mind while searching for Australia to Saint-Tropez flight deals. Data was last updated 10 July 2025.

Round-trip from

One-way from

Popular in

Cheapest in

Average price

Find flight deals from Australia to Saint-Tropez

Cheapest flights from Australia to Saint-TropezExplore the most affordable flight options available from Australia to Saint-Tropez. Find the lowest fares from popular airlines and budget airlines, with prices last updated on 10 July 2025.

Explore the most affordable flight options available from Australia to Saint-Tropez. Find the lowest fares from popular airlines and budget airlines, with prices last updated on 10 July 2025.

Cheapflights Fare Finder

Use the filters below to find and compare flights from Australia to Saint-Tropez that are best for you.

Best time to book a flight from Australia to Saint-Tropez

Have a flexible travel schedule? Discover the best time to fly to Saint-Tropez from Australia with our price prediction graph.

Cheapflights Insights

Everything you need to know about your flight from Australia to Saint-Tropez

What is the cheapest time of day to fly from AU to TR3?

Find hourly flight availability from Australia to Saint-Tropez. Discover flight options and departure times throughout the day, allowing you to choose a departure time that suits your schedule. Data last updated 10 July 2025.

Reviews of airlines servicing Saint-Tropez

Read through reviews of airlines operating flights from Australia to Saint-Tropez, such as Emirates, Singapore Airlines, andKLM. Reviews also offer insight into each airline's entertainment options, comfort, food, crew/service, and boarding process.

Related info for your journey

Find useful and relevant information for your journey from Australia to Saint-Tropez. Access travel guides, tips, and recommendations to enhance your travel experience. Get information about local attractions, weather, transportation options, and more.

What are the cheapest airlines to fly from Australia to Saint-Tropez one-way?

What are the most popular routes from Australia to Saint-Tropez?

Can I find deals for flights from Australia to Saint-Tropez that include hotel bookings?

How can I find direct flights from Australia to Saint-Tropez?

Can I find deals for business class flights from Australia to Saint-Tropez?

Browse thousands of different options on Cheapflights for your next trip

Toggle through the tabs below to find thousands of options on Cheapflights for your next trip.

Alternative routes for Australia to Saint-Tropez

See prices for flight routes from nearby airports that may be better suited for you.

Top 10 airlines flying from Australia to Saint-Tropez

Fly with Cheapflights

Find the best flight deals on Cheapflights, where travellers can enjoy low prices and a wide availability of flights to their desired destinations.

How does Cheapflights help users find flights from Australia to Saint-Tropez?

Why should you use Cheapflights to find cheap flight tickets from Australia to Saint-Tropez?

Can Cheapflights find flights from Australia to Saint-Tropez with no change fees?

Can Cheapflights notify me if prices for flights from Australia to Saint-Tropez become cheaper?

100% Free

Book with Flexibility

Travel Smart

Cheapest flights from Australia to Saint-Tropez
Explore the most affordable flight options available from Australia to Saint-Tropez. Find the lowest fares from popular airlines and budget airlines, with prices last updated on 10 July 2025.