Find flights
When to book
Airlines
FAQs

Cheap flights from Perth to Bogotá from $1,368

This is the cheapest one-way flight price found by a Cheapflights user in the last 72 hours by searching for a flight departing on 26/5. Fares are subject to change and may not be available on all flights or dates of travel. Click the price to replicate the search for this deal.
PER — BOG
2 May — 9 May1
1 adult
Thu 2/5
Thu 9/5

The best prices from Perth to Bogotá El Dorado are usually found in February or March, booked 55 days in advance, depart on a Wednesday or Sunday and return on a Friday

Cheap flight deals from Perth to Bogotá

Discover tips and strategies to find the most affordable flight options for your journey from Perth (PER) to Bogotá (BOG). Learn about various techniques such as flexible date searches, comparing prices across and setting up price alerts. Use these methods to find the cheapest flights available for your travel needs. Data last updated 27 April 2024.

Popular in

December

Cheapest in

February

Round-trip from

$2,462

One-way from

$1,471
High demand for flights, 28% potential price rise
Best time to find cheap flights, 12% potential price drop
From Perth to Bogotá El Dorado
One-way flight from Perth to Bogotá El Dorado

What is the cheapest day to fly return from Perth to Bogotá?

Users have found that leaving on a Tuesday can be a cost-effective option. It’s possible to save up to 24% on your flight compared to booking on days when demand is much higher.

How far in advance should I book a flight from Perth to Bogotá?

When searching for a good deal, it’s best to be prepared for potential fluctuations in price. We recommend booking at least 56 days in advance, which can save you up to 36% on flights from Perth to Bogotá compared to booking the week you need them. Waiting 56 days out may not be for everyone, so we have options available for flights within the next two weeks, with the lowest price starting at $2,995. For sooner than that we have options available in the next 3 days from $4,386.

What is the cheapest month to fly from Perth to Bogotá?

February is one of the best times of the year to fly to Bogotá from Perth. Prices for February average $3,806 per person but you can even find prices for as low as $2,897. The most expensive prices can be found in the month of December. Opting for a February flight can save you 38% on your journey compared to booking in December

When is the cheapest time to fly from Perth to Bogotá (PER - BOG)?

It’s typically best to fly out from Perth to Bogotá in the morning. Doing so could potentially save you 15% on the flight price compared to flying at midday, which is usually more expensive.

Cheap Qatar Airways flights from Perth to Bogotá

Explore cheap flight options specifically provided by Qatar Airways for the route between Perth and Bogotá. Find affordable fares and compare prices with other airlines to secure the best deal for your journey. Over the last 7 days, Cheapflights users made 586,962 searches. Data last updated 27 April 2024.
Take a peek at the cheapest Qatar Airways flights we've detected travelling from Perth to Bogotá. Make sure to double check the flight details before booking.
Tue 7/522:45PER - BOG
2 stops59h 04mQatar Airways
Thu 6/621:45BOG - PER
2 stops55h 50mQatar Airways
Deal found 27/4$3,258
Sun 12/522:45PER - BOG
2 stops59h 00mQatar Airways
Thu 16/521:45BOG - PER
2 stops55h 50mQatar Airways
Deal found 26/4$3,702

Cheap LATAM Airlines flights from Perth to Bogotá

Explore cheap flight options specifically provided by LATAM Airlines for the route between Perth and Bogotá. Find affordable fares and compare prices with other airlines to secure the best deal for your journey. Over the last 7 days, Cheapflights users made 586,962 searches. Data last updated 27 April 2024.
Some of the best deals we've found on LATAM Airlines flights travelling from Perth to Bogotá. Make sure to examine the flight information before completing your reservation.
Wed 24/723:30PER - BOG
2 stops34h 40mLATAM Airlines
Thu 22/807:00BOG - PER
2 stops39h 15mLATAM Airlines
Deal found 27/4$2,813
Wed 24/723:30PER - BOG
2 stops34h 40mLATAM Airlines
Thu 22/807:00BOG - PER
3 stops49h 35mLATAM Airlines
Deal found 27/4$2,848
Wed 24/723:55PER - BOG
3 stops42h 45mLATAM Airlines
Thu 22/807:00BOG - PER
3 stops49h 35mLATAM Airlines
Deal found 27/4$3,102
Mon 6/523:55PER - BOG
3 stops34h 25mLATAM Airlines
Tue 11/607:13BOG - PER
2 stops39h 17mLATAM Airlines
Deal found 26/4$3,110
Mon 6/523:55PER - BOG
3 stops34h 25mLATAM Airlines
Tue 11/607:13BOG - PER
3 stops43h 27mLATAM Airlines
Deal found 26/4$3,140
Mon 6/523:30PER - BOG
2 stops34h 50mLATAM Airlines
Tue 11/607:13BOG - PER
2 stops39h 17mLATAM Airlines
Deal found 26/4$3,163
Mon 13/523:30PER - BOG
2 stops34h 50mLATAM Airlines
Mon 17/607:00BOG - PER
3 stops50h 50mLATAM Airlines
Deal found 27/4$3,168
Tue 7/523:55PER - BOG
3 stops42h 40mLATAM Airlines
Thu 6/607:00BOG - PER
3 stops46h 25mLATAM Airlines
Deal found 26/4$3,191
Mon 13/523:55PER - BOG
3 stops42h 40mLATAM Airlines
Thu 16/507:17BOG - PER
3 stops43h 23mLATAM Airlines
Deal found 27/4$3,202

Cheap Perth to Bogotá flights in April & May 2024

Find cheap flight options from Perth to Bogotá specifically for the months of April and May 2024. Explore affordable fares based on user searches. Over the last 7 days, Cheapflights users made 586,962 searches. Prices were last updated on 27 April 2024.
The lowest fares we've come across on flights travelling from Perth to Bogotá in April and May 2024. Check back soon for alternative fares.
Mon 27/523:30PER - BOG
2 stops34h 40mMultiple Airlines
Mon 3/607:00BOG - PER
3 stops50h 50mMultiple Airlines
Deal found 26/4$2,905
Mon 27/523:55PER - BOG
3 stops42h 40mMultiple Airlines
Mon 3/607:00BOG - PER
3 stops50h 50mMultiple Airlines
Deal found 26/4$2,938
Mon 27/523:30PER - BOG
2 stops34h 40mMultiple Airlines
Mon 3/623:10BOG - PER
2 stops34h 40mMultiple Airlines
Deal found 26/4$2,954
Mon 6/523:55PER - BOG
3 stops34h 25mLATAM Airlines
Tue 11/607:13BOG - PER
2 stops39h 17mLATAM Airlines
Deal found 26/4$3,110
Mon 6/523:55PER - BOG
3 stops34h 25mLATAM Airlines
Tue 11/607:13BOG - PER
3 stops43h 27mLATAM Airlines
Deal found 26/4$3,140
Mon 13/523:30PER - BOG
2 stops34h 50mLATAM Airlines
Mon 17/607:00BOG - PER
3 stops43h 40mLATAM Airlines
Deal found 26/4$3,157
Mon 6/523:30PER - BOG
2 stops34h 50mLATAM Airlines
Tue 11/607:13BOG - PER
2 stops39h 17mLATAM Airlines
Deal found 26/4$3,163
Mon 13/523:30PER - BOG
2 stops34h 50mLATAM Airlines
Mon 17/607:00BOG - PER
3 stops50h 50mLATAM Airlines
Deal found 27/4$3,168
Mon 13/523:55PER - BOG
3 stops42h 40mLATAM Airlines
Thu 16/507:17BOG - PER
3 stops46h 08mLATAM Airlines
Deal found 26/4$3,191

Perth to Bogotá 2024 flight deals

Discover exclusive flight deals for travel between Perth and Bogotá in 2024. Find excellent offers based on user searches. Over the last 7 days, Cheapflights users made 586,962 searches. Data last updated 27 April 2024.
The lowest fares we've come across on flights travelling from Perth to Bogotá in April and May 2024. Check back soon for alternative fares.
Wed 24/723:30PER - BOG
2 stops34h 40mLATAM Airlines
Thu 22/807:00BOG - PER
2 stops39h 15mLATAM Airlines
Deal found 26/4$2,805
Wed 24/723:30PER - BOG
2 stops34h 40mLATAM Airlines
Thu 22/807:00BOG - PER
3 stops49h 35mLATAM Airlines
Deal found 26/4$2,839
Mon 27/523:30PER - BOG
2 stops34h 40mMultiple Airlines
Mon 3/607:00BOG - PER
3 stops50h 50mMultiple Airlines
Deal found 26/4$2,905
Mon 27/523:55PER - BOG
3 stops42h 40mMultiple Airlines
Mon 3/607:00BOG - PER
3 stops50h 50mMultiple Airlines
Deal found 26/4$2,938
Mon 27/523:30PER - BOG
2 stops34h 40mMultiple Airlines
Mon 3/623:10BOG - PER
2 stops34h 40mMultiple Airlines
Deal found 26/4$2,954
Wed 24/723:55PER - BOG
3 stops34h 15mLATAM Airlines
Thu 22/807:00BOG - PER
3 stops49h 35mLATAM Airlines
Deal found 26/4$3,093
Mon 6/523:55PER - BOG
3 stops34h 25mLATAM Airlines
Tue 11/607:13BOG - PER
2 stops39h 17mLATAM Airlines
Deal found 26/4$3,110
Mon 6/523:55PER - BOG
3 stops34h 25mLATAM Airlines
Tue 11/607:13BOG - PER
3 stops43h 27mLATAM Airlines
Deal found 26/4$3,140
Mon 13/523:30PER - BOG
2 stops34h 50mLATAM Airlines
Mon 17/607:00BOG - PER
3 stops43h 40mLATAM Airlines
Deal found 26/4$3,157

Perth to Bogotá flights leaving soon

Find last-minute flight options from Perth to Bogotá for spontaneous travel. Discover available flights and compare prices based on user searches. Secure great deals and offers for spontaneous trips with quick booking options. Over the last 7 days, Cheapflights users made 586,962 searches. Data last updated 27 April 2024.
Check out these flights departing soon from Perth to Bogotá. To prevent any unwanted surprises, users should verify their flight info before booking.
Mon 6/523:55PER - BOG
3 stops34h 25mLATAM Airlines
Tue 11/607:13BOG - PER
2 stops39h 17mLATAM Airlines
Deal found 26/4$3,110
Mon 6/523:55PER - BOG
3 stops34h 25mLATAM Airlines
Tue 11/607:13BOG - PER
3 stops43h 27mLATAM Airlines
Deal found 26/4$3,140
Mon 6/523:30PER - BOG
2 stops34h 50mLATAM Airlines
Tue 11/607:13BOG - PER
2 stops39h 17mLATAM Airlines
Deal found 26/4$3,163
Tue 7/523:55PER - BOG
3 stops42h 40mLATAM Airlines
Thu 6/607:00BOG - PER
3 stops46h 25mLATAM Airlines
Deal found 26/4$3,191
Tue 7/523:55PER - BOG
3 stops34h 25mLATAM Airlines
Thu 6/607:00BOG - PER
3 stops43h 40mLATAM Airlines
Deal found 27/4$3,202
Tue 7/522:45PER - BOG
2 stops59h 04mQatar Airways
Thu 6/621:45BOG - PER
2 stops55h 50mQatar Airways
Deal found 27/4$3,258
Tue 7/523:55PER - BOG
3 stops42h 40mLATAM Airlines
Thu 6/607:00BOG - PER
2 stops39h 15mLATAM Airlines
Deal found 26/4$3,391
Tue 7/523:55PER - BOG
3 stops34h 25mLATAM Airlines
Thu 6/607:00BOG - PER
2 stops39h 15mLATAM Airlines
Deal found 27/4$3,402
Mon 6/501:45PER - BOG
2 stops32h 35mMultiple Airlines
Thu 6/607:00BOG - PER
3 stops49h 35mMultiple Airlines
Deal found 26/4$3,447

One-way flights to Bogotá from Perth

Search for one-way flight options from Perth to Bogotá. Find affordable one-way fares based on user searches. Compare prices and availability to plan your one-way journey according to your preferred dates and budget. Over the last 7 days, Cheapflights users made 586,962 searches. Data last updated 27 April 2024.
If you're seeking multiple options on one-way flights from Perth to Bogotá, be sure to check out these deals, which are updated often. For those needing a return trip from Perth, there is a search form available above.
Sun 26/501:40PER - BOG
3 stops48h 10mMultiple Airlines
Deal found 26/4$1,368
Wed 15/501:50PER - BOG
3 stops56h 10mMultiple Airlines
Deal found 26/4$1,384
Fri 17/509:45PER - BOG
3 stops48h 15mMultiple Airlines
Deal found 26/4$1,454
Wed 15/501:45PER - BOG
2 stops32h 35mMultiple Airlines
Deal found 26/4$1,471
Fri 17/518:20PER - BOG
2 stops40h 05mMultiple Airlines
Deal found 26/4$1,483
Wed 15/501:45PER - BOG
2 stops32h 35mMultiple Airlines
Deal found 26/4$1,521
Fri 17/518:20PER - BOG
2 stops40h 05mMultiple Airlines
Deal found 26/4$1,535
Mon 27/509:30PER - BOG
2 stops48h 40mMultiple Airlines
Deal found 26/4$1,581
Mon 27/523:55PER - BOG
3 stops34h 15mLATAM Airlines
Deal found 26/4$1,598

Find flights from Perth to Bogotá within your budget

Customise your flight search to find flights from Perth to Bogotá that fit within your specific budget. Explore options based on user searches and filter the results based on your desired price range. Find flights that match your budget for a cost-effective journey. Over the last 7 days, Cheapflights users made 586,962 searches. Data last updated 27 April 2024.

Fly from

Any airport

Fly to

Any airport

Budget

$2,813 - $3,702

Route

Depart

Return

Price

PerthBogotá El Dorado

PER - BOG

PERBOG

Perth

Wed 24/7

2 stops34h 40m

Bogotá El Dorado

Thu 22/8

2 stops39h 15m

$2,813

PerthBogotá El Dorado

PER - BOG

PERBOG

Perth

Wed 24/7

2 stops34h 40m

Bogotá El Dorado

Thu 22/8

3 stops49h 35m

$2,848

PerthBogotá El Dorado

PER - BOG

PERBOG

Perth

Mon 27/5

2 stops34h 40m

Bogotá El Dorado

Mon 3/6

3 stops50h 50m

$2,905

PerthBogotá El Dorado

PER - BOG

PERBOG

Perth

Mon 27/5

3 stops42h 40m

Bogotá El Dorado

Mon 3/6

3 stops50h 50m

$2,938

PerthBogotá El Dorado

PER - BOG

PERBOG

Perth

Mon 27/5

2 stops34h 40m

Bogotá El Dorado

Mon 3/6

2 stops34h 40m

$2,954

PerthBogotá El Dorado

PER - BOG

PERBOG

Perth

Wed 24/7

3 stops42h 45m

Bogotá El Dorado

Thu 22/8

3 stops49h 35m

$3,102

PerthBogotá El Dorado

PER - BOG

PERBOG

Perth

Mon 13/5

2 stops34h 50m

Bogotá El Dorado

Mon 17/6

3 stops50h 50m

$3,168

PerthBogotá El Dorado

PER - BOG

PERBOG

Perth

Tue 7/5

2 stops59h 04m

Bogotá El Dorado

Thu 6/6

2 stops55h 50m

$3,258

PerthBogotá El Dorado

PER - BOG

PERBOG

Perth

Sun 12/5

2 stops59h 00m

Bogotá El Dorado

Thu 16/5

2 stops55h 50m

$3,702

Flights are sorted by cheapest first

Deals found on 27/4

When is the best time to book a flight from Perth to Bogotá?

Use this chart to determine the optimal time to book a return flight from Perth to Bogotá. Price data was last updated on 28 January 2024.
Booking 55 days in advance of your planned departure date is, on average, the best time to get cheap flights from Perth to Bogotá. The general trend is that the closer you book to the departure date, the more expensive your flight will be.
Search Deals

When is the cheapest time to fly from Perth to Bogotá?

Use this chart to determine the cheapest time to fly return from Perth to Bogotá. Price data was last updated on 21 April 2024.
Morning
Midday
Afternoon
Evening
All times are departure.
Travellers seeking maximum savings on their Perth to Bogotá flight should consider departing on Monday mornings when fares are most often at their lowest. Friday evenings flights should be avoided if possible as fares are typically the most expensive at this time.
Search Deals

Average price of flights to Bogotá by month

Plan your trip from Perth to Bogotá by taking into account the cheapest months to travel. The average price of a one-way flight from Perth to Bogotá is currently $1,488 while a return flight costs $3,077. Price data was last updated on 21 April 2024.

Currently, March is the cheapest month in which you can book a flight from Perth to Bogotá (average of $1,609). Flying from Perth to Bogotá in December is currently the most expensive (average of $2,113). There are several factors that can impact the price of a flight, so comparing airlines, departure airports and flight times can provide users with more options.

January

$2,472

February

$2,479

March

$2,462

April

$2,596

May

$2,570

June

$2,704

July

$2,700

August

$2,715

September

$2,654

October

$2,611

November

$2,694

December

$3,234

Temperature and rainfall in Bogotá by month

Plan your trip to Bogotá by taking into account the average temperature and rainfall totals by month.

BOG

Temperature

12 - 13 °C

Reviews of airlines servicing Bogotá

Get insights into the airlines that provide service to Bogotá. Read reviews, discover amenities, and learn about the overall travel experience offered by airlines. Use this information to make informed decisions when choosing an airline for your flight to Bogotá. Reviews last updated 27 April 2024.
To help decide which airline to fly from Perth to Bogotá, see what other customers have to say about Qatar Airways, LATAM Airlines and American Airlines. Users can see the overall rating for each airline as well as how each is rated in terms of entertainment options, comfort, food, crew/service, and boarding process.
7.7
Good
4,459 reviews

Boarding

7.8

Comfort

7.7

Overall

7.7

Crew

8.2

Food

7.5

Entertainment

7.7

Reviews

1 / 10

The good part is the entertainment system was great to kill the time. I felt the crew staff member was an intern. He needs a lot of training and support.

7.7
Good
4,459 reviews
7.7
Good
4,459 reviews

Boarding

7.8

Comfort

7.7

Overall

7.7

Crew

8.2

Food

7.5

Entertainment

7.7

Reviews

1 / 10

The good part is the entertainment system was great to kill the time. I felt the crew staff member was an intern. He needs a lot of training and support.

7.6
Good
2,487 reviews
7.7
Good
4,459 reviews

Boarding

7.8

Comfort

7.7

Overall

7.7

Crew

8.2

Food

7.5

Entertainment

7.7

Reviews

1 / 10

The good part is the entertainment system was great to kill the time. I felt the crew staff member was an intern. He needs a lot of training and support.

7.3
Good
14,875 reviews
7.7
Good
4,459 reviews

Boarding

7.8

Comfort

7.7

Overall

7.7

Crew

8.2

Food

7.5

Entertainment

7.7

Reviews

1 / 10

The good part is the entertainment system was great to kill the time. I felt the crew staff member was an intern. He needs a lot of training and support.

Related info for your journey

Find useful and relevant information for your journey from Perth to Bogotá. Access travel guides, tips, and recommendations to enhance your travel experience. Get information about local attractions, weather, transportation options, and more.
  • Can I find flights from Perth to Bogotá for under $2,900 on Cheapflights?

    Yes, there are multiple flights from Perth to Bogotá for under $2,900. The cheapest flight booked recently is on LATAM Airlines for just $2,813, but on average you can expect to pay $3,304.

  • Are there last-minute flights available from Perth to Bogotá for under $3,200?

    There are currently 15+ open flights from Perth to Bogotá within the next 7 days for less than $3,200.

  • What are the cheapest airlines flying from Perth to Bogotá round-trip?

    According to our current data, LATAM Airlines ($2,813), Qatar Airways ($3,258), and American Airlines ($10,381) offers the cheapest pricing from Perth to Bogotá. LATAM Airlines is currently priced 26% below the average price you’ll pay for this route.

  • What are the most popular airlines that fly from Perth to Bogotá?

  • What does PER to BOG mean?

    Perth Airport is PER and Bogotá El Dorado Airport is BOG. These codes are created by the International Air Transport Association (IATA) and airlines use them to identify the departing and arrival airports in the flight routes they service.

  • Can I find deals for flights from Perth to Bogotá that include extra baggage allowance?

    The amount of baggage you can bring on your Perth to Bogotá flight depends on the airline and the type of fare you've chosen. After entering your flight details, you'll be able to view the specific baggage policies for each deal in the search results. Keep in mind that certain deals may offer additional baggage allowance.

  • Can I find deals on flights from Perth to Bogotá with specific airlines?

    Yes, Cheapflights allows you to browse and filter Perth to Bogotá flight deals by airline. After entering your origin and destination, use the available filters to view flights offered by airlines.

  • Can I find deals for flights from Perth to Bogotá that include hotel bookings?

    Yes. In addition to deals on Perth to Bogotá flights, Cheapflights offers holiday packages that include both flights and hotel.

  • How can I find direct flights from Perth to Bogotá?

    After entering your origin and destination, apply the non-stop filter on the search result page to find direct flights from Perth to Bogotá.

  • Can I find deals for business class flights from Perth to Bogotá?

    Yes. Cheapflights offers flight deals from Perth to Bogotá by cabin class. In addition to browsing deals, you can also filter by cabin class on the search results page after making a search.

  • Can I find deals for flights from Perth to Bogotá that allow pets onboard?

    Many airlines flying from Perth to Bogotá offer the option to travel with pets. After selecting a flight deal, you can find more information about the airline's pet policy on their official website or by contacting the airline directly. Please note that additional fees and restrictions may apply.

  • Can I find deals on last-minute flights from Perth to Bogotá?

    Yes, you can often find last-minute deals on Perth to Bogotá flights on Cheapflights. However, these deals can vary and may not always be available. We recommend checking back frequently or signing up for price alerts for the most up-to-date deals.

  • How recently were the Perth to Bogotá flight deals updated?

    The Perth to Bogotá flight deals you see on this page were last updated on 26/4.

See more FAQs

Browse thousands of different options on Cheapflights for your next trip

Toggle through the tabs below to find thousands of options on Cheapflights for your next trip.

Alternative routes for Perth to Bogotá
See prices for flight routes from nearby airports that may be better suited for you.

Top 6 airlines flying from Perth to Bogotá

Discover the top 6 airlines that operate flights from Perth to Bogotá. Compare their services, reliability, and customer satisfaction ratings to choose the airline that best suits your travel preferences and needs. Over the last 7 days, Cheapflights users made 586,962 searches. Data last updated 27 April 2024.
AirlineCheapestAverageFlexibilityOn-time
LATAM AirlinesCheapest$2,354Average$3,177FlexibilityNo cancel feeOn-time81%
Search LATAM Airlines flights
ANACheapest$2,676Average$3,049FlexibilityNo cancel feeOn-time80%
Search ANA flights
United AirlinesCheapest$3,080Average$4,589FlexibilityNo cancel feeOn-time69%
Search United Airlines flights
EmiratesCheapest$3,140Average$3,569FlexibilityNo cancel feeOn-time75%
Search Emirates flights
Qatar AirwaysCheapest$3,207Average$4,311FlexibilityNo cancel feeOn-time68%
Search Qatar Airways flights
Qantas AirwaysCheapest$3,327Average$3,830FlexibilityNo cancel feeOn-time74%
Search Qantas Airways flights

Search flights from Perth to Bogotá by cabin class

Find flights from Perth to Bogotá, based on your preferred cabin class, be it economy, premium economy, business, or first class.

Fly with Cheapflights

Find the best flight deals on Cheapflights, where travellers can enjoy low prices and a wide availability of flights to their desired destinations.

How does Cheapflights help users find flights from Perth to Bogotá?

Cheapflights makes it easy to find Perth to Bogotá flights by helping our users search from 900+ travel sites for deals. We also provide you with filters for cabin, price, airline, airports, number of stops, and many more to narrow down that perfect flight.

Why should you use Cheapflights to find cheap flight tickets from Perth to Bogotá?

It’s simple! Cheapflights, which is free to use for everyone, saves millions of users time and money every year by helping them find the cheapest and most suitable flights from Perth to Bogotá.

Can Cheapflights find flights from Perth to Bogotá with no change fees?

Need flexible booking options for your flight to Bogotá from Perth? Don’t worry, Cheapflights have you covered. Use our search filter to only show flights with no change fees.

Can Cheapflights notify me if prices for flights from Perth to Bogotá become cheaper?

Not ready to book yet? You can track prices for flights from Perth to Bogotá on Cheapflights with our Price Alert feature and get notified when better prices are available.

100% Free
Cheapflights is completely free to use, so you can start saving the moment you arrive.
Book with Flexibility
Our users can plan ahead with confidence and find flights with no change fees
Travel Smart
Millions of people come to us for their flight needs every year. We help make travel planning easy by providing useful insights and data-driven graphs that can inform your decisions.